How to handle multiple browser windows in Selenium Java?

September 26, 2025

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The Actions class in Selenium is used to build and perform complex user interactions like mouse movements, keyboard events, drag-and-drop, and other advanced gestures that go beyond simple clicks or typing.

In Selenium with Java, when your test opens more than one browser window or tab (for example, by clicking a link that opens a new tab), you need to switch the driver’s focus to the correct window before interacting with elements. Selenium provides window handles to manage this.

🔑 Key Methods

getWindowHandle() → Returns the current window handle (unique ID).
getWindowHandles() → Returns a Set<String> of all open window handles.
driver.switchTo().window(handle) → Switches focus to the specified window.

📝 Step-by-Step Approach

Store the main window handle using getWindowHandle().
Perform an action that opens a new window/tab.
Get all window handles with getWindowHandles().
Loop through the handles and switch to the new one.
Perform actions in the child window.
Switch back to the main window if needed.

✅ Example Code

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

import java.util.Set;

public class HandleMultipleWindows {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.get("https://example.com");

        // Step 1: Store main window handle
        String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

        // Step 2: Click a link that opens new window
        driver.findElement(By.id("openNewWindow")).click();

        // Step 3: Get all window handles
        Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();

        // Step 4: Switch to child window
        for (String window : allWindows) {
            if (!window.equals(mainWindow)) {
                driver.switchTo().window(window);
                System.out.println("Child window title: " + driver.getTitle());

                // Step 5: Perform actions in child window
                driver.findElement(By.id("confirmButton")).click();
                Thread.sleep(2000);

                // Close child window
                driver.close();
            }
        }

        // Step 6: Switch back to main window
        driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);
        System.out.println("Back to main window: " + driver.getTitle());

        driver.quit();
    }
}

⚡ Pro Tips

Always store the main window handle before switching.
Use driver.close() to close only the child window, but driver.quit() to close all.
Use Thread.sleep() only for demo purposes; in real projects use Explicit Waits.

Would you like me to also explain how to handle multiple child windows (more than 2 at once) with an example?

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